Doggerland in the news again
Thanks to Demeter in good reads
http://www.democraticunderground.com/1016138209#post2
Hunting for DNA in Doggerland, an Ancient Land Beneath the North Sea
http://www.wired.com/2015/11/hunting-for-dna-in-doggerland-an-ancient-land-beneath-the-north-sea/
.Archaeologists began looking at remote sensing data that these companies had gathered while seeking oil and gas. They had a 3D seismic dataset that shows distinct layers. “Imagine just cutting a nice big cake,” Gaffney says. “You can see the layers of sponge and cream—and of course on the bottom there’s oil in there somewhere.” The energy companies only care about the very bottom of the cake, but Gaffney and his colleagues focused on a layer closer to the frosting. Based on studies that had dated the sediment, they knew that between 30 and 50 meters under the sea floor lay the former surface of Doggerland.
Tracing this layer of sediment, the team mapped about 17,000 square miles of the drowned and buried country—an area, Gaffney says, “slightly larger than Holland.” In its topography they’ve found hills, coastlines, lakes and rivers. “But it’s a map without people at the moment, or animals or plants,” Gaffney says. That’s where the project’s next phase comes in.
The European Research Council recently awarded a team led by Gaffney a €2.5 million grant—about $2.6 million. Soon the scientists will head to sea. But they plan to do a lot more than just make maps. They’ll follow two of the country’s sunken river beds, taking core samples in search of pollen, fossils, insect remains, and other signs of life.
They’ll also hunt for ancient DNA. This technique is still new and somewhat controversial. In a paper in the journal Science last February, members of the same team described DNA they’d dug up at Bouldnor Cliff, a submerged site off the Isle of Wight. They found evidence of wheat from 8,000 years ago—about 2,000 years before farming arrived in mainland Britain. Other researchers argued that the wheat DNA must have been modern contamination. In the Doggerland samples, the team will look for DNA from crops or even domestic animals like sheep and goats. Gaffney says the findings might help identify the best spots to search for human archaeology—evidence of cleared areas, burning, or environments that would have made ideal settlements.
The samples will cover about 5,000 years of Doggerland’s history, from around 10,000 BC until the sea swallowed it...
Ghost Dog gave me this map in that OP
in which I added this
What's interesting with this timeline map is recent findings
View profile
The Ness of Brodgar archaeological site in the Orkney Islands is almost a thousand years older than Stonehenge and the center for Neolithic Britain and shares some of the same cultural artifacts found there.
Now if we look at your map you can see that these islands in Northern Scotland were once mountain regions of early Doggerland that was first area destroyed by the first stage of the flooding in the timeline. In fact the earliest record of Neolithic Britain are all almost found in Scotland with some exceptions.
If you notice in your map the largest major river system in Doggerland is east of the Orkney's which would be a desirable place for human settlement.
Suggesting that the Orkney mountains is where they fled to during the flood.
And this is the location of after flood settlements and Ness of Brodgar plus
The Ring of Brodgar which The site has resisted attempts at scientific dating and the monument's age remains uncertain.
Ring of Brodgar much older than Stonehenge
About the ring
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_of_Brodgar
The Ness of Brodgar reconstruction
The site today
wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ness_of_Brodgar
Also here
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2081254/Stone-Age-temple-Orkney-significant-Stonehenge.html
I think that a underwater study of that flooded river system would be interesting.
= new reply since forum marked as read
Last edited Sat Sep 3, 2016, 02:28 PM - Edit history (7)
Hello!!
I write to confirm, as I think you imagine, that I'm in love (deeply) with Orkney. I assure that. Since I "discovered" Orkney, a new world started for me. I can't think in other things. I have Orkney always in my mind (and in my heart).
I say that ("a new world started for me"
because I had a difficult life and I've found the place where I want to be (I need a new place to start a new life). Examples as a difficulties in my life: When I was 21 I had a terrible car accident -two months in coma, six years without working, loooooots of injuries, "friends" left me alone,....- and now I'm quite well. Thanks to God I have an excellent wife and I had two children (a girl and a boy). I can do almost a normal life; as a "memories" of my accident I have to say that I can't run, I see double to the right hand side, but I'M ALIVE. I appreciate a lot my life (and the one of my family) and I want to enjoy places where I am, and the appearance of Orkney in my life it's a miracle. It's where I would like to be until I die (as an old person), and I would like to be buried in Orkney. I have the sensation that I have lived there in other life, I have an special connection with Orkney. I think that I belong to that archipelago and I don't belong to the country I am now; I've born here, and doctors from here saved my life, but my heart and my mind are in Orkney.
When I stayed in Kirkwall (from 01/07/2016 to 09/07/2016. I worked -and enjoyed a lot- in the Ness of Brodgar and in The Cairns, in South Ronaldsay), while I was going to Kirkwall from the B&B where I was (9 Craigifield) I saw that the shore was dirty of all kind of rubbish and I have written to Orkney (I don't know if to the correct place) to offer myself to clean all the coastline of Kirkwall, of Mainland, of all Orkney. I don't know what to do to go there for living.
I know that I have a family here (I'll never forget them), but I'll come every time as I can to see them. My heart is broken in two parts; one half for my family and the other part for Orkney.
I've tried, too, to open a travel agency to go only to Orkney from Spain. But I don't have experience, I don't have contacts, I'm not an official tourist guide, and all those things "go against me". I don't know how can I convert my passion for Orkney as my way of living.
If you send me a private message to germa@c-mobil.cat , I'll send you a link to a "book" (201 pages) I've done about my travel to Orkney. That book has few writing, but lots of photos. I'm sure you will enjoy it.
I've changed my opinion. Here you have the link to access to the English version of "my book":
https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1-kRZok08ylUTqb4YXiitpX7laMuePKcigX-BC7Rogsw/edit?usp=sharing
Enjoy it!!! (Except my honeymoon, it's the best travel I've ever done)
LAST QUESTION: Where are you from?
Orkney’s Skara Brae shortlisted as UK’s best heritage site
Skara Brae, Orkney. PIC Donald MacLeod/TSPL ALISON CAMPSIE
11:04 Wednesday 08 February 2017
The prehistoric village of Skara Brae on Orkney is in the running to be named the best heritage site in the UK.
The 5,000-year-old settlement is the only Scottish visitor attraction on the shortlist drawn up by travel writer Bill Bryson for the BBC Countryfile Magazine Awards.
Bryson described Skara Brae as “miraculously preserved” and said it looked as it had been vacated “only yesterday.”
He said: “Orkney has the greatest concentration of archaeological sites in Scotland, but none is more arresting than this miraculously preserved Neolithic village.
Read more at: http://www.scotsman.com/news/orkney-s-skara-brae-shortlisted-as-uk-s-best-heritage-site-1-4361031
And thank you for your interesting and informative post. This is a fairly old discussion, but I'm hoping you get some more replies. It's great to have you with us and your English is just fine! 
Last edited Sat Aug 13, 2016, 10:09 AM - Edit history (6)
Hello!!
I have the pleasure to inform you that, two weeks ago, I returned of my trip to Orkney. I've been there for 7 days (plus 2 days travelling).
This "holidays" (I went there to work on the Ness of Brodgar and The Cairns) have been one of the most fascinating holidays I had in my life. I enjoyed a loooooooooooot my stay there.
--------
Speaking about other things, today I've found in Wikipedia (I suppose that the source of this information is serious) what I supposed to be Orkney thousands of years ago.
Here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistoric_Orkney under the "Paleolithic" title, confirms what I think about Orkney, Shetland and what is today the bottom of the North Sea between these two archipelagos.
I promise I didn't knew anything about this subject before posting. I'm honest.
Here's the long answer. http://www.democraticunderground.com/?com=view_post&forum=1036&pid=23797
Also, this: http://www.democraticunderground.com/12292823
Last edited Fri Jul 24, 2020, 10:49 AM - Edit history (5)
Hello!!
I live a link of the Ness of Brodgar took this summer. There is a trench I've been working (at the left hand side, a narrow trench) that was created at the beginning of July. You can substitute the image you've put under the title "The site today", and that photo has changed a little bit as you can see in the new one. I only send for keeping your site updated.
Link is this one:
Thanks.
Last edited Sun Oct 23, 2016, 02:43 PM - Edit history (8)
From: http://www.orkneyjar.com/history/mesolithic.htm
"At this time (7000BC) , however, the wooded landscape of Orkney would have been unrecognisable to modern Orcadians (the reason why there is so much petrol in Scotland). The sea-level was considerably lower - up to 30 metres lower - so today's green, rolling Orkney hills would have been the peaks of high ground."
The confirmation that, very probably, people walked to go all around the Orkney isles. And maybe, Shetland included. Because that there are such big number of similarities between those archipelago. That confirms my theory I couldn't discuss with anybody.
===============
ANOTHER ARTICLE. This time from http://www.lagranepoca.com/archivo/24912-descubren-doggerland-una-atlantida-sumergida-frente-costas-del-reino-unido.html
The MAP is here: 
The original article is in Spanish language. For me (and maybe for some people more) it's more useful reading it in Spanish because I can't speak and understand too much well English to understood everything. I translated it with Google Translator's help.
"A vast underwater area in the North Sea, called Doggerland, might once have been home to tens of thousands of people in the Stone Age, before it disappeared in a tsunami, according to 15 years of research by UK scientists.
Doggerland stretched from northern Scotland to Denmark and down towards the Channel Islands. However, gradually it plunged from 18,000 to 5,500 B.C.
"Doggerland was the real heart of Europe until sea levels rose to show the coast of the UK today," said geophysicist Richard Bates, at the University of St. Andrews, in a statement.
"We had speculated for years about the existence of a lost land dredged by fishermen around the North Sea bones, but only when you start working with oil companies in recent years, we were able to recreate what this seemed lost land, "adds Richard Bates.
With geophysical computational models and the material collected from the seabed, including fossils of plants and animals that lived Doggerland, scientists reconstructed a huge and complex landscape.
"We were able to model its flora and fauna, create an image of the ancient people who lived there and begin to understand some of the dramatic events that subsequently changed the land, including rising sea levels and a devastating tsunami," reported Bates.
Initially, Doggerland was mountainous with rivers, large lakes and an interlaced coastline, but as sea levels rose, he transformed in an archipelago of low islands.
Other interesting reports include a mass grave gigantic standing stones, and possible human burial sites.
"We have not found an 'X marks the spot' or 'Joe created this', but we have found many artifacts submerged with features that are very difficult to explain by natural disasters such as mounds surrounded by ditches and fossilized tree trunks causes the seabed", Bates said.
"In reality, there is little evidence" (...) "because much of it has eroded underwater, is like trying to find just one part of a needle in a haystack."
"What we have found is however, a significant amount of evidence and we are now able to identify the best places to find preserved signs of life."
Images and objects are now on display in an exhibition called "Drowned Landscapes" at the annual Summer Exhibition of the Royal Scientific Society of London."
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An image about the effects of the tsunami (the increasing of water levels since the tsunami):
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Two more interesting photos about the Storegga Slide:
https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B9wbtU2b0_z6ZWJ3c1E0NEFNZEk/view?usp=sharing
https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B9wbtU2b0_z6aGlMdnRwZFBlRVU/view?usp=sharing
-----------
Exploring DNA Doggerland, a piece of submerged Europe
When trawling became widespread, the North Sea fishermen began to draw strange things from the cold waters separating Britain from the European continent. Mammoth tusks, antlers aurochs, remains of woolly rhinos and even prehistoric tools, submerged after the last Ice Age.
It was in September 1931, when a ship found a barbed harpoon over 13,000 years, archaeologists realized the archaeological potential of the area. Doggerland is the name by which it is known to the vast landmass that connected Britain's east coast to the coast of the Netherlands, Denmark and Germany. A green place full of oaks where the first inhabitants hunted and gathered and the last were beginning to understand agriculture.
After the last glacial period, Doggerland was gradually submerging into an island. But it was not the sea-level rise causing her to disappear. Circa 6200. C., the sea swallowed definitely. Scientists believe that the disappearance of Doggerland came after the largest submarine landslide is known, the slip Storegga , triggering a huge tsunami. Waves up to 80 meters razed the coasts of the North Atlantic.
8000 years later, archaeologists from the University of Bradford are mired in the task of making a complete map of Doggerland. Seismic data used by oil companies, which modeled the 3D area to search for gas and oil. The oil were only interested in the deeper layers of those maps, but archaeologists have set in from outside. Between 30 and 50 meters below the seabed sediments are old Doggerland.
http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--ME5ddKA6--/c_scale,fl_progressive,q_80,w_800/l2luzf3am92w4172ajjf.jpg
Researchers have managed to map 44,000 square kilometers of land submerged, "a larger than Holland country." They found hills, coasts, lakes and rivers. Now it's put on the map the fauna, flora and human settlements that existed in the area since 10,000 BC until it was flooded. To do this, scientists excavate Doggerland for DNA of crops and animals, both wild and domestic.
Studying the DNA will be like turning the North Sea in a time machine. During his last 5,000 years of history, Doggerland saw its inhabitants change hunting by agriculture, and climate change also caused changes in vegetation. DNA now allow us to see how everything happened.
Last edited Tue Oct 25, 2016, 05:11 AM - Edit history (16)
Hello!!
First of all, I have to say that I don't have any formation about archaeology. I like it very much but I don't have too much knowledges about that science. I'm doing this because I'm in love with Orkney (deeply in love; any other place of the few I known in the world attracted me as much as Orkney) and because there are lots of things I can't find explanation to understand it.
I'm going to expose my suppositions about the age of the Ness of Brodgar (and all the zone around it) because there are a lot of things that I can't fit in the chronology I organised about that wonderful place.
I'm going to correct my comments and contribute with other ones little by little, and correcting the ones which have wrong information.
I would like to know, too, if possible, the conditions of Orkney after the tsunami: if water was deep enough to allow the transport of huge stones from the quarry next to Skara Brae to the Stones of Stennes, because the kind of stone which the Stones of Stenness are done is the rock from that quarry. I think that the transport from the quarry to Stenness wasn't by boat. And that makes me to have a doubt about the age of the Ness of Brodgar, the Stones of Stenness and the effectivity of radicarbon dating. CONFIRMED WITH THE COMMENT IN THE NEXT PARAGRAPH.
I have found confirmation about my theory (obviously recognizing that I'm not an specialist in this subject). This confirmation says: "... prior to around 1500BC, the Stenness loch didn't exist" (http://www.orkneyjar.com/history/brodgar/building.htm). Then, the rocks from Vestrafiold were transported by land. That confirmation makes me think that was is today the Loch of Stenness was a place with huge population and that confirms, again, why in the Ness of Brodgar have been found lots of bones of dead animals eated in some celebration there.
The route from Vestrafiold to The Stones of Stenness (a little bit difficult to drag the stones because ... "the area was wet marshy bog, surrounding pools of water or lochans. Not the best landscape to be dragging massive megaliths through" .
https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B9wbtU2b0_z6dk9CSzNEbVRMX1E/view?usp=sharing
(the previous link is accessible if you have a gmail account)
http://www.orkneyjar.com/archaeology/nessofbrodgar/
I am happy to keep its link here, to come back later to read it.
I want to know as much as I can as this area seems to have answers which are unique, and not interchangeable with digs from other sites anywhere else. It looks as if this one is pursued long enough, there can be information which will transform what we have learned about the world.
If you find more, please post it!
If anyone else has more, please add it. This is a subject we can't forget, now that we know about it! I hope someone here has, or will find more about this fascinating breakthrough discovery spot.
Thank you, germamba, for your posts.
Last edited Wed Jul 15, 2020, 12:25 PM - Edit history (7)
... about going myself (only me) to live to Orkney some months each year. Three, four or five months.
But I have a "problem". Where I wrote to expose my intentions (and I filled the form to try to choose for a place for living), the girl who attended my petition said I was searching for a way to be on holidays some months in Scotland without paying.
I said I couldn't go on winter because there are very few hours of sunlight and it will be impossible to go around Orkney at night. I can not enjoy Orkney. Seeing Northern Lights is not the only reason to go to your archipelago at night.
She didn't answered me. I think this means she won't answer me anymore. 
I don't know what to do.
NOTE: I can't forget Orkney. I'm thinking every day of that archipelago.
The points you've added give us a lot to think about, while we wait for more discovery from this ancient site. It's too intriguing to be able to forget, it demands to be studied as long as it can possibly take until a much firmer picture is realized.
All the photos of the area are overwhelming. So much has happened since the structures were created, the land itself has been altered severely, so much of it undersea now.
Enjoy the time you get to study further. The subject is certainly worth your effort and concern.
Thanks.
Getting a window into the world of the culture(s) in the Orkney who lived there, who lived and died there could change everything we have believed about the human race. There's so much to gain.
Maybe the answer will arrive in the ways of testing which might be developed. Do you think it's possible any group might excavate the area? I have read that a few artifacts have been discovered fairly recently in the area between the UK and Europe on the ocean floor.
You have definitely awakened a deep interest, informing people of your visits there and your ongoing personal study. Please do let us know if you are planning a new visit, etc. Clearly you're the one this forum will remember time after time, germamba!
Have a great week ahead.
(Can't imagine how long it would take to have constructed the image to include in your message in the bottle! Great idea.)
Last edited Mon Jul 27, 2020, 03:22 PM - Edit history (7)
I don't know what to do to meet & find people to excavate this area, but I think instead excavation it's necessary to look for signals at the bottom of the seas and lakes. E.g. from Mainland Britain to Orkney and Shetland and in the lakes of Stenness and Harray in Orkney mainland when, before the tsunami, there lived lot of people, I think.
I give this information IN MY OPINION, I don't have any formation about archaeology. I only love Orkney a lot, the same as archaeology. And I can't work at the excavation because I have some injuries due to a car accident I had years ago (I had been nearly died for two months; coma Glasgow 5. I'm reborn from 17.06.1990. I born for the first time in 1968). I love life and I can't do lots of things, but I'm alive 
. When I first visited Orkney (2012, by chance), I thought I have found the place where I lived in a previous life. Since then, I don't want to visit any other place in the world, and that is what I'm doing since 2012. Other subject I'm thinking about is that Orkney would be a place to die when I'm very old, being cremated and throw my ashes from a plane over Orkney archipelago.
If I could (€) I would go every year to Orkney, or living there if possible. Maybe next year I will go again (I hope so).
As a message in the bottle, we (me and my family) wrote a short message and add a photo of us.
What is left to see currently looks very much like the edges of something very large from long ago, something maybe enormous, with so much left below the soil and sea at this time.
I hope so much that there will be breakthroughs coming from archeologists, anthropologists, other professions, an awakening, a decision to get down to business there! This would be the right time, since we are anticipating the sea to only get higher and higher with global warming.
Of course new equipment is being developed constantly to help penetrate land from satellites or from drones with advanced cameras, which we might easily live long enough to see used in that area. They have already discovered entire cities in Central America which had been hidden for centuries under thick jungles, discovered them only in the last decade or so! Also, have heard they are discovering pyramids and cities which have been covered by centuries of blowing sand in northern Africa.
You might be amazed more than you can imagine by what lies ahead in your lifetime, germamba.
Very sorry to hear about your personal injury, but it's wonderful knowing you are able to travel and study the things that move you they way you have. The fact you have gone there repeatedly is exciting to anyone who reads your comments here. Your interest in this fascinating place opens a window to us, too. We feel activated, informed because of your own experiences!
The idea of sending a photo along with your message is tremendous. That will add so much meaning to the person who finds it, make the event so much more exciting, so real! Cool.
Las Médulas
Interesting website, has a 360º panorama photograph:
https://www.turismocastillayleon.com/en/countryside-nature/natural-areas/las-medulas
I read that Las Médulas was the largest source of gold in the entire Roman Empire. The area allows people to follow so many paths through the caves, going everywhere. Clearly you could spend a huge amount of time there, exploring, absorbing what it all could mean.
I understand the lives of slaves in the mines were very short. Unbearably sad, inhuman, so evil to do that to any living being.
There's so much to study available in the articles with the photographs.
Gavà Mines
Looking through the images connected to Gavà Mines, it seems even the artist Gaudi is involved, somehow, with a religious area he created, connected to some crypts, or something. That was unexpected!
There's so much more to read and see from the google images:
https://tinyurl.com/y64t2m3e
Someone could get lost in the reading and studying there, too!
So glad you considered mentioning these historic, ancient, dynamic places in the world. So much happened there over thousands of years, so much of it painful. It would be important to find out a lot more.
I live in the center of the United States, in Kansas City. Not so close to Barcelona, which would be an amazing place to live. I was not aware of the incredible far more ancient past connected to that part of Spain, and I really want to learn more about it when I can find the time.
You do have deeply significant historic sites right where you are, don't blame you at all for making trips to those places with your wife as often as possible. So much to think about that makes them far more valuable than people normally experience on trips.
It is odd that all the way to Orkney, you discovered another place from your own home! You must have been so surprised! It would be amazing that not only was she a compatriot, she had the very same deep interests, as well.
It sounds as if you are able to travel substantially, even after your serious, tragic accident and the damage it did to your life. It's remarkable you are able to move beyond that trauma so well.
There's a lot more I want to see and learn about the material you've brought to our attention. You are located in a great place on the planet, surrounded by complex histories and prehistories.
Your Facebook link doesn't work, somehow, for me. I'll see what I can figure out. Thank you.
Last edited Tue Aug 4, 2020, 11:43 AM - Edit history (6)
I have to do so in order you to see my picture. I can't send it through this web.
I know I live in a very beautiful place (Catalonia and Spain), but I found another more interesting. I love archaeology, I love imagine old ways of living (and trying to undestand it).
I'm very very happy to be alive, but is not easy to find people who lived the same as me and are in good conditions. In my opinion I'm one of the luckiest guys in the world. If I have good luck and I add archaeology to that luck, I'm more happy, if possible.
If you go to my facebook's page (https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100013700498199), you will see the picture I tried to send you (the title of this picture start with a sentence "I'm an ......" . That message its true. I'm in love with that archipelago.
If you see the graphic representation of my life in that page of facebook, you will undestand because I'm one of the luckiest men in the world. I think now I have done things I couldn't imagine 30 years ago (to be married, to be the parent of a girl and a boy, being "normal",...). I would like to go to live to Orkney and, someday, die there. And if possible (I know it is not possible), to be buried in the middle of the Ring of Brodgar. It's my impossible dream.
A sentence about my love to Orkney: "I left my heart there when I visited Orkney the fist time. I don't know where it is. I need to go very often in order to find it".
I don't know if you have any problem by giving me your mail. I say that because, maybe, we are talking about things out of this group. If you prefer, you can write me to germamba@gmail.com (my name is Germà, and I live near Barcelona). If you prefer writing me privately, when you have done, I will erase my mail of this page.
NOTE: I don't know why, I thought you were from United Kingdom.
The explanation for how the Romans altered the mountain presents a picture they were FAR more powerful than I could have ever imagined, with technology. The plan is amazing, but their investment of the lives of so many people is unforgivable. Undoubtedly this operation took more lives than the casual estimate, but the decision to do it was made by people who would hever suffer any of the hardship, and would benefit from outrageous profits from the gold trade.
This is shocking, to say the least. The illustrations on the page and your animated link are tremendous, they do a wonderful job explaining.
~ ~ ~
Las Médulas, the gold of Hispania
The Marrows 01/22/2015
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Reading time: 3 minutes
Las Médulas is the landscape environment resulting from the ancient Roman gold mining. This environment is located near the town of the same name , in the El Bierzo region , province of León, and is considered the largest open pit gold mine in the entire Roman Empire .
Las Médulas, arrival of the Romans
The Romans arrived at Las Médulas from the hand of Octavio Augusto between 26 and 19 BC. and although the pre-Roman Indians had already exploited the site, it was the Romans who made the area the largest open pit gold mine in the Empire.
The very Pliny the Elder was administrator youth of mines, and thanks to him we know that is extracted to the year 20,000 pounds of gold, which, considering the 250 years of exploitation, would give five million pounds of gold , that is, 1,635,000 kg. The workforce was also huge. Pliny speaks of 60,000 manumitized workers, in such an unfortunate working condition that Pliny himself says:
«It is less reckless to search for pearls and purple at the bottom of the sea than to extract gold from these lands»
Montium Ruin, the origin of the landscape of Las Médulas
Thanks to the fact that the environment provided everything necessary, the Romans channeled the water from the streams, holding it at the top of the farm.
The Marrows
Then they pierced the mountain with steep galleries, and released the water through them. The force of the water destroyed the mountain and dragged the gold lands to the sinks.
Las Médulas, Ruin Montium
One of the ingenious Roman methods of collecting water, started from the northeast side of Mount Teleno, no less than from an altitude of 2000 meters.
There the Romans accumulated the snow that later, already turned into water, reached the Cabo river, which in turn fed the seven channels that, bordering the mountain, reached the exploitation ponds.
Las Médulas, extraction scheme
These channels, whose length is estimated at about 300 kilometers, have a slope of between 0.6 and 1%. The width is 1.28 meters, except in the curves, 1.60 meters, and its depth is 90 centimeters. The construction of these channels, which in some sections run under the rock in the form of a tunnel, was, by far, the most difficult and expensive work of the operation, and it can be said that the hydraulic system of Las Médulas is the most spectacular of those known, for the amount of water used and the length and large number of branches of its channels.
The Marrows
The Roman exploitation works for the extraction of gold ore, supposed a tremendous alteration of the environment of the area, and left a landscape of reddish sands, which was covered with green vegetation of chestnut and oak trees over time, until the point that today has the consideration of "Cultural Landscape", being declared "Well of Cultural Interest" in 1996 for its archaeological interest and "Natural Monument" in 2002, as well as a World Heritage Site (UNESCO 1997).
This is the biggest hole done by the water (spectacular)
In Spanish. As I think (in the map of the center), it was possible to go from London to Orkney and Shetland by foot. That confirms the assumptions that Orcadians shared knowledge with Stonehenge's builders. And that Stonehenge and the Ring of Brodgar are olders than we think (it's my opinion):
https://magnet.xataka.com/en-diez-minutos/doggerland-la-europa-una-vez-habitada-y-hoy-sumergida-en-las-aguas-del-mar-del-norte
